Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid - Assignment Example In the beginning of film Butch Cassidy is the friendly, smart, talkative leader of the criminals - Hole in the Wall Gang. Sundance Kid, his closest friend is terse. The two return to their den at Hole-in-the-Wall to learn that the rest of the team, displeased by Cassidy’s long absences; have chosen Logan as their new gang leader. Logan challenges Cassidy to a knife fight over the gangs headship. Using deception Cassidy defeats him, however he agrees to Logan’s idea to rob train on both its eastward and westward trips, claiming that the westward raid would be unpredicted and likely reap more money than the eastward raid. From the above, the beginning of movie occurs with a scene which is fundamentally familiar and traditional. It is the setting for countless gun fights. What many fails to see is that it is not a shoot outs. Butch talks to Kid out of a fierce fight. This is a clear departure from the western protagonist. First the protagonist becomes convinced not to fight by a person outside himself. Butch and Sundance are not the convectional protagonists in that they ought to depend on one another rather than be the loner that typifies the western protagonist. Second, we see the protagonists walking away from a battle without having destroyed anything. This is just one instance in a style of moving from conflict rather than meeting it. This clearly opposes the protagonists seen in classical western, the examples of western masculine hero, who never ran from a fight, but ran towards it. The vital revelation that Butch Cassidy has never killed a man exposes the flaws in the western myth more than any other feature of the movie. The notion that these criminals had murdered scores of men was largely not true. The director addresses the myth head on, by exposing its deceit in Butch. He humanizes the western myth, and

Courage Mother and her Children critique Essay Example for Free

Courage Mother and her Children critique Essay â€Å"Mother Courage and Her Children† by Bertolt Brecht took place during the 30 Years’ War in Europe. The whole play revolved around the survival of a lower class family, trying to live through the harsh war with their canteen wagon business. Each scene in the play contained the factors of religious, honesty, war, loyalty, and family. The theme of â€Å"Mother Courage and Her Children† was maternity, due to the fact that Mother Courage’s sense of coldhearted business caused her become unable to protect her children, which led to their deaths, leaving her all alone in the end. Mother Courage was always doing business while each of her children died during the play. This shows that she was more interested in her business and money than her own children, and an example of this can be seen when her thirst for money had caused Swiss to die because she took too long to decide whether or not to trade her money in for her son’s life. Mother Courage was the protagonist in the play, while the war was the antagonist. The war caused Mother Courage to base her living on it. Due to the fact that they were living during a war, this caused Mother Courage to be so focused on making money, that she ended up neglecting her children. It also caused her to be unable to watch her daughter get married, since Kattrin could only get married when peace returned and the war ended. War is also the antagonist, due to the fact that is also caused Mother Courage to lose her sons as well. The play was a tragedy because in it, Mother Courage’s children all perished, and she was left all alone in the end. In the play, Bretch assigned each of Mother Courage’s children with a â€Å"tragic flaw† as a result of her failure to learn to choose family over business. The tragedies that Mother Courage’s children suffered throughout the play were Swiss, with honesty, Eilif, with arrogance, and Kattrin, with pity. Mother Courage had to go through suffering of the death of each of her children one by one and was unable to do anything about it. The set of the play was a major contribution to the play. The use of a proscenium stage was the best fit for this type of play since it allowed the audiences to focus on the center of the stage where Mother Courage’s wagon was. Mother Courage’s family always moved around. However, their wagon was still placed at nearly the same spot on the stage, which tells the audience that they were not moving anywhere because no matter where they moved to, they still faced the same struggles and hardships. Even though the setting mostly remained the same from scene to scene, backgrounds changed from one scene to another, which allowed the audience to know that the scene was taking place in a different location. There was almost always the same lighting throughout the whole play. The only thing that changed about the lights was the brightness; the lights were brighter during the day and dimmer at night. There were some spotlights. However, it only appeared upon the actors who came before each scene, in order to tell the audience what will happen in the upcoming scene. The lighting of â€Å"Mother Courage Mother and Her Children,† was different from the other play that I went to. Usually lights would go off when changing from one scene to another, so that characters were able to get on and off stage, in order to prepare the set for the scene. However, in this play, the lights were still on during scene transitions. Bretch made pulling the wagon in and out of the stage as an exit and enter for each scene, which didn’t require the actors to quickly change settings for different scenes. The background sound of gunshots and bombs that were playing throughout the play allowed the audience to feel as if the war was actually taking place during the play. The gunshots sounded very loud, making the audience feel as if it was nearby. Without the sounds, the audience would not have been able to feel the mood of the war. Sounds of gunshots added more effects to the mood of war, giving the audience an the image of how deadly the war was. The play was a musical play, since there were many parts where Mother Courage and some singers in the background sang and played instruments. The entrance to the play was also a song that expressed the mood and feeling of the war. Mother courage sang in almost every scene, to express her feelings. She also sang in the last part of the play when Kattrin died. The costumes of the play reflected the life of the characters in the play. The costumes did not really tell the time period in which the play took place because the characters were just wearing normal types of rural clothes that had many layers, and were attached with many pieces of fabric. The characters in the play had the same outfit throughout the whole play, and this outfit not only showed their poverty, but also the condition of life during the war, due to the fact that they were unable to have clothes to change into. The many layers of clothes worn were everything that the characters owned, and this showed their struggles, due to the fact that they are unable to buy any new clothes. Overall, the play was easy to understand because it was in modern English and there were no accent in the characters’ pronunciation, which allowed the audience to understand what the characters were saying. Mother Courage struggled throughout her life with her business and children, but ended up with nothing due to the war, in which she was favoring. The war had brought Mother Courage the business she needed, but took away her children one by one.

Main objectives and policy instruments of poverty reduction

Main objectives and policy instruments of poverty reduction While much of the western world benefits from decades of economic growth, it is hard to conceive that a large proportion of the population still struggles for survival as a result of extreme poverty and deprivation. To date, approximately 1 billion people still have an income of less than $1 per day (OECD, 2007). The question of what policies and strategies are most effective in achieving sustained poverty reduction is among one the most important and complex challenges that face policy makers involved in economic development. In light of this question, this paper will review the objectives and policy instruments associated with poverty reduction. Firstly, the paper will very briefly give an outline of the objectives of poverty reduction through considering the Millennium Development Goals. Secondly and of greater focus, the paper will consider the importance of economic growth as a policy instrument associated with poverty reduction. Policy Objectives Before it is possible to implement strategies and policy focussed at reducing poverty, it is firstly essential to set specific and measureable objectives targeting the areas in which poverty exists. Poverty by definition is complicated and must give consideration to a number of dimensions. The OECD (2001) defines poverty as the inability of people to meet economic, social, and other standards of well being. Poverty, therefore, can encapsulate deprivation in areas such as health, income, gender, education and politics. Objectives of poverty reduction must extend to include all dimensions in which individuals are deprived or debilitated. The most widely recognised objectives regarding poverty reduction are provided through the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). On September 2000 the MDGs were adopted by 189 countries as a guideline for the objectives of poverty reduction to be achieved by 2015 (DFID, 2001). The MDGs outline 8 objectives central to the eradication of poverty (UNDP, 2010). These objectives are broken down into 21 different targets that are measured by 60 indicators (A full outline of the criteria to meet these objectives can be seen in Table 1): Eradicate Extreme Hunger and Poverty Achieve Universal Primary Education Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women Reduce Child Mortality Improve Maternal Health Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases Ensure Environmental Sustainability Develop a Global Partnership for Development The MDGs highlight that objectives of poverty reduction are not solely confined to improvements in income but also incorporate objectives of human development, sustainability, and equality. Broadly speaking, these objectives help to provide a global criterion for measuring progress in poverty reduction and provide a scale of measurement adaptable in all countries. It is important to note, however, that although the MDGs provide a framework for developing countries to use, poverty reduction strategies must be country specific taking into consideration the causes of poverty as well as the precedence of what objectives need be tackled (OECD, 2001). With these objectives of poverty reduction in mind, this raises the question of what instruments are best suited in achieving these objectives. As a comprehensive overview of all the main policy instruments associated with poverty reduction is well beyond the scope of this paper, the following section will concentrate on the importance of economic growth as a policy instrument associated with poverty reduction. Policy Instruments Economic Growth Historically, the main instrument associated with poverty reduction has been economic growth. Economic growth is associated with poverty reduction on a number of levels. Firstly, increases in GDP per capita are associated with improvements in human development. For example, increases in the average income of a country are associated with improvements in life expectancy, infant mortality, and primary school enrolment all key elements of the MDGs (Moser and Ichida, 2001). Secondly, economic growth helps to creates jobs which are essential to improving employment opportunities and raising incomes in the long-term (DFID, 2001). However, although economic growth is associated with improvements in income and human development, there still remains debate over the extent to which growth benefits the poorest individuals in society. In an attempt to understand the effect of economic growth on poverty, Dollar and Kraay (2002) examined the relationship between changes in the average GDP per capita income against the income of the lowest quintile of the population in 80 countries. Dollar and Kraay found than on average the income of the poorest quintile increased proportionately with increases in average GDP per capita. Dollar and Kraay concluded that the effects of economic growth benefit the poor as much as others in society. They suggested therefore that standard growth enhancing policies should be at the heart of poverty reduction strategies. The results from Dollar and Kraay emphasise the importance for countries to adopt frameworks that are conducive to growth as a means of poverty reduction. This is a view shared by Kruegar (2004) who highlights that economic growth is the principal route to lasting poverty reduction. Indeed, economic policies such as openness to trade, liberalisation and sound fiscal policy which are seen as conducive to economic growth are also associated with favourable poverty reduction (World Bank, 2000). Moreover, generally poverty reduction has been most substantial in those countries which have benefited from the most impressive rates of growth (AusAid, 2007). However, the results produced by Dollar and Kraay (2002) do not come without scrutiny. The findings illustrate that economic growth benefited the lowest quintile proportionately on average yet there are cases where economic growth does not always benefit the poorest individuals in society Botswana is perhaps an extreme example and likew ise at the other end of the scale, some countries have demonstrated that the poor have benefited substantially more than other groups during times of economic growth (World Bank, 1993). This raises a further question of why growth influences poverty reduction in some countries more than others. Pro-Poor Growth More recently, a greater focus is being placed on levels of inequality within a country as a determinant on the effect of economic growth on poverty reduction. The OECD (2001) suggests that only half the increases of those in poverty are a result of GDP growth whereas the other half comes from strategies that target the composition, distribution and sustainability of growth. Ravallion (1997) measured the effect of growth on poverty elasticity in countries with initial levels of low and high-income inequality. Ravallion found that economic growth reduced poverty in low income inequality countries almost twice as much as those in high income inequality countries. In other words, countries with high levels of inequality would need growth rates twice that of low inequality countries to match similar levels of poverty reduction. The findings by Ravallion highlight that policies targeting poverty reduction therefore must also consider the distributional aspect of growth. This places a grea ter emphasis on pro-poor growth. That is, growth that is combined with objectives of rapid and sustained poverty reduction (OECD, 2007). Pro-poor growth strategies must attempt to target the areas in which poverty and inequalities exist, and as mentioned this can occur in a number of dimensions. Typically, those in poverty have a lack of access to basic provisions and services, such as education and healthcare, and therefore inequalities are perpetuated due to a lack of opportunity. Pro-poor Policies must attempt to maximise the opportunities of the poor through utilising their skills and capabilities (DFID, 2003). This can be done through a number of channels, and the role of both the private and public sector are important. For example, in the private sector providing the poor with access to markets and credit is seen as essential for involving the poor in the economy and creating jobs (ODI, 2008). Recently microfinance schemes have been extremely beneficial in providing access to credit and vocational training for the poor. However, participation in markets is only conducive to pro-poor growth if there is appropria te regulation and policies which can protect the poor in the event of market failures (OECD, 2007). Pro-poor policies must attempt to promote macroeconomic stability within a country to ensure that the poor are not affected by market-shocks and rising inflation (DFID, 2003). Additionally, the distribution of government spending is seen as a key instrument in the promotion of pro-poor growth. In developing countries, government spending has been found to be largely inefficient in that it tends to be focussed disproportionately towards higher income groups at the expense of the poor (Wilhelm and Fiestas, 2005). Pro-poor government spending can increase the participation of the poorest individuals through efficient and fair fiscal policy increasing access to these basic services which in turn can reduce inequalities and promote economic growth. Indeed, countries which have a fairer distribution of government spending are more likely to have lower levels of inequality (Lopez, Thomas, and Wang, 2008). It is important to note that finding the appropriate balance between both policies that are good for poverty reduction and policies that are good for growth is extremely complicated and may required trade-offs. Pro-poor strategies such as redistribution through increased taxes may act to finance increased government expenditure in poor areas, however this may damage growth through reduced savings and investment which could consequently reduce the impact of poverty reduction in the long run (DFID, 2001). For instance, in the mid-part of Malaysias industrialisation, policies focussed on equity were seen as excessive and blamed for constricting economic growth (Hassan, 2004). Broad-Based Growth An essential factor of pro-poor growth is that it should be broad-based and target the areas where poverty is widespread. Three quarters of poverty exists in rural areas, yet policies targeting growth are predominantly focussed on the urban sector (Anriquez and Stamoulis, 2007). Indeed, widespread inequality is most substantial between rural and urban areas (Lopez, Thomas, and Wang, 2008). Recently, in the 2008 World Development Report titled Agriculture for Development, the World Bank (2008) highlighted that investment in agriculture is increasingly becoming an important engine for poverty reduction. Investment in rural infrastructure and small-scale enterprises and services has been found to be highly effective in increasing productivity and creating employment. For example, reductions in poverty have been most substantial in countries which experienced the most significant improvements in rural productivity. From 1971 to 1999 agricultural productivity per capita in East Asia, wher e poverty reduction was most rapid, increased by 45% compared to sub-Saharan Africa with an increase in productivity of only 4% (DFID, 2003). Moreover, growth in agriculture is more conducive to poverty reduction than any other sector (DFID, 2003). Indeed, the World Bank (2008) highlights the improvements in the MDGs of raising the income of all individuals above $1 has been primarily due to falling rural sector poverty whereas urban poverty has remained constant and had little effect. However, again, increases in agricultural productivity and growth are strongly influenced by levels of inequalities within the rural sector in particular levels of land inequality. Pro-poor policies which target poverty reduction through agricultural growth must also give consideration to the potential impact of redistribution strategies. Land reform policies have been cited as a particular strategy as a means of facilitating growth, reducing inequalities and ultimately poverty reduction (Hanmer, Healey and Naschold, 2000). Conclusion In conclusion, this paper has highlighted the importance of growth, and in particular pro-poor growth as an instrument associated with poverty reduction. Growth is inevitably a necessary condition of alleviating poverty through raising the incomes of individuals and through wider associations with improvements in human development. However, growth by itself is not always sufficient in achieving sustained poverty reduction and the effects of economic growth on the poor are inhibited by the level of inequality within a country. Of equal importance, therefore, is the structure of pro-poor growth. Governments must take an active role in poverty reduction strategies and reduce inequalities through increasing the opportunities of the poor to access basic provisions and services, and this in turn can facilitate both poverty reduction and economic growth. Moreover, it is important that pro-poor growth targets where poverty is abundant. An increasing emphasis is being placed on growth and dev elopment in the agricultural sector as a key driver of poverty reduction. Finally, it is important to mention that although this essay has emphasised the importance of growth, it has barely scratched the surface of the complexity of poverty reduction. Poverty is multidimensional and there are areas of poverty and human development which are barely affected by improvements in growth and therefore require policy instruments and strategies to target them directly e.g. gender inequality (Thomas, 2000). Furthermore, there is no one-size-fits-all answer to poverty reduction and each country must identify the causes of poverty and the independent strategies required to achieve sustained poverty reduction. Only then can the diverse objectives of the Millennium Development Goals be realistically achieved.

commentary Dred Scott Essay -- essays research papers

This commentary will focus on the impact of the Dred Scott decision in America. Dred Scott was born a slave in Virginia to the family of Peter Blow originally. The family moved to St. Louis and sold Scott to Dr. John Emerson, a military surgeon stationed at Jefferson Barracks. Scott traveled with Dr. Emerson to different areas such as Illinois and Wisconsin territories, where slavery was prohibited. This is because of the Missouri Compromise, this compromise was created to end expansion of slavery and permitted Missouri to entered as a slave state and Illinois was entered as a free state. Because Scott had traveled to free territory, he felt that he was a free man and sued to be free. The first case is against Emerson’s wife and is dismissed based on a technical issue, the second case Scott wins the right to be free, however the case is appealed to Wisconsin Supreme Court who disagrees with the lower court and Scott remains a slave. Scott lawyers filed suit in the U.S. Federa l Court and this time it’s against Mrs. Emerson’s brother whom took over the estate due to her remarriage, his name was John F.A. Sanford. The United States Supreme Court first hears the case in 1854 and then again in 1856. The case gains public and political attention. It affected the presidential election in which it would cause a candidate to agree or disagree with the high court. Congress begin debates on its power to control slavery specific territories, eventually they left it up to the high court ...

Impressionism in Conrad and Joyce

Impressionism in Literature: Joseph Conrad & James Joyce. This essay attempts to give a brief comparison between two of the major representatives of the English Modernism, James Joyce and Joseph Conrad. Although these two writers come from very different backgrounds, they share the rejection of conventional realism and the search for new way to approach reality. In doing this, I will focus on the presence on Impressionistic ideas and in the new methods they will employ to depict reality. First of all, a swift definition of Impressionism in literature hooked be given.Many critics have argued that both in Jockey's and Concord's writings we could find impressionistic ideas, a new methodology of acknowledging the human experience. Impressionism have is origins in a exhibition in 1984 of a group of painters in which Monet stood out. Although the group was not especially homogeneous, they characterized by represent the way in which one person sees something at one moment in time, impressio ns of a particular and singular moment. They focused in the censorial aspect of how human beings experience the world vying great stress to subjectivity.In order to do this, they employ light and color which produce a censorial impact on the onlooker. In this liking way, literature tries to adapt the new techniques of painting to writing. They also stress subjectivity rejecting the old traditional emphasis upon order, thought and clearness. They provide us with a new perspective of the relation of individual with everyday world relaying on the censorial aspects of the experience. Apart from that, we find another particular characteristics in impressionistic writing: They rejected traditional emphasis on order and clearness, usually related with the conventions of Realism.Ambiguity prevails through the narration being the reader who has to form his own conclusion about the story The moment and the ephemeral is also very important. Description usually are told in a kind of accidental report, when the event are occurring. The details of the action are described through the eyes of the character when still happening and not when he/she has already processed the action (delayed decoding). This technique gives also a sense of ambiguity. The landscape is usually scribed with uncommon adjectives that are more concerned with human emotions than with depiction of the scenery.This and the repeatedly usage of images of fog, haze, mist or light and shadows produces a kind of dreamy and mysterious atmosphere where things seem to be blurred. Now, we come to analyze the following passage of Concord's Heart of Darkness on the basis of Impressionism. â€Å"l saw a face amongst the leaves on the level with my own, looking at me very fierce and steady; then suddenly, as though a veil had been removed from my eyes, I made out deep in angled gloom, naked breast, arms, legs, glaring eyes – the bush was swarming with human limbs in movement, glistening bronze color.The twigs shook, swayed, and rustled, the arrows flew out of them, and then the shutter came to. † Here, Concord's impressionist style permits the the reader to experience the events at the same time that Marrow does. The technique, commonly denominated as delayed decoding, tell us the details of the action before the protagonist has processed the action itself. This give us sensation of confusion, as we have to re-read the passage to really see hat is happening.Actually, this is quite similar to the painting techniques of Impressionism by which the clearest image of the picture can be only seen from certain distance of the canvas. In the following passage, also taken from Heart of Darkness, we can see the special characteristics of impressionistic descriptions. â€Å"The sun set; the dusk fell on the stream, and lights began to appear along the shore. The Chapman light-house, a three-legged thing erect on a mud-flat, shone strongly. Lights of ships moved in the fairway a great stir of lights going up and going down.And farther west on the upper reaches the place of the monstrous town was still marked ominously on the sky, a brooding gloom in sunshine, a lurid glare under the stars. † Here we have a description of the setting where prevails the use of light. In every line appear a reference to specific light (sun, dusk, light-house, stars, glare†¦ ). The description of the atmosphere of the setting is very detailed which produces the effect of certain mood, a kind of mysterious image.Moreover, we find many reference o water (stream, shore, mud-flat, fairway) that makes the image blurred before our eyes. In t he collection of short stories Edibleness, specially in â€Å"Arab† and â€Å"Beeline,† sense perception, like sight, sound, touch, smell, are very important. The descriptions make the reader feel the sensations described, the smells, the sounds†¦ This might be the one most outstanding feature of Joyce ‘s descriptions in Ed ibleness. In the following passage of Arab, we can find this references to receptions: â€Å"It was a dark rainy evening and there was no sound in the house.Through one of the broken ones I heard the rain impinge upon the earth, the fine incessant needles of water playing in the sodden beds. Some distant lamp or lighted window gleamed below me. I was thankful that I could see so little. All my senses seemed to desire to veil themselves and, feeling that I was about to slip from them, I pressed the palms of my hands together until they trembled, murmuring (†¦ )† So although both Joyce and Conrad share the same interest on the subjectivity, on how their characters experience reality, we can state that they differ slightly in the way of achieving this AOL.In this examples, Joyce focuses on all the senses to transport the reader into the experience of his characters whereas Conrad visual descriptions reminds the reader of one of the main characteristics of Impressionist pain tings : the interest on atmosphere and lighting effects. Bibliography. Kroger, Maria E. â€Å"Literary Impressionism† De. : New Haven, CT : College ; University Press, 01973. Slapstick, Mercedes. â€Å"Literary Analysis of Heart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad. † Helium. ;http://www. Helium. Com/items/855651- Impressionism in Conrad and Joyce First of all, a swift definition of Impressionism In literature would be given. Many critics have argued that both In Joyce ;s and Conrad ;s writings we could find impressionistic ideas, a new methodology of acknowledging the human experience. Impressionism have is origins in a exhibition in 1984 of a group of painters in which Monet stood out. Although the group was not especially homogeneous, they characterized by represent the way In which one person sees something at one moment in time, impressions of a particular and singular moment.They focused in the censorial aspect of how human beings experience the world vying great stress to subjectivity. In order to do this, they employ light and color which produce a censorial impact on the onlooker. In this liking way, literature tries to adapt the new techniques of painting to writing. They also stress subjectivity rejecting the old traditional emphasis upon order, thought and clearness. They provide us with a new perspective of the re lation of individual with everyday world relaying on the censorial aspects of the experience.Apart from that, we find another particular characteristics In Impressionistic writing: They rejected traditional emphasis on order and clearness, usually related with the conventions of Realism. Ambiguity prevails through the narration being the reader who has to form his own conclusion about the story The moment and the ephemeral is also very Important. Description usually are told in a kind of accidental report, when the event are occurring. The details of the action are described through the eyes of the character when still happening and not when he/she has already processed the action (delayed decoding).This technique gives also a sense of ambiguity. The landscape is usually ascribed with uncommon adjectives that are more concerned with human emotions than with depiction of the scenery. This and the repeatedly usage of images of fog, haze, mist or light and shadows produces a kind of dr eamy and mysterious atmosphere where things seem to be blurred. Now, we come to analyze the following passage of Concord's Heart of Darkness on the basis of Impressionism. L saw a face amongst the leaves on the level with my own, looking at me very fierce and steady; then suddenly, as though a veil had been removed from my eyes, I made out deep in angled gloom, naked breast, arms, legs, glaring eyes – the bush was swarming with human limbs in movement, glistening bronze color. The twigs shook, swayed, and rustled, the arrows flew out of them, and then the shutter came to. † Here, Conrad s impressionist style permits the the reader to experience the events at the same time 1 OFF us the details of the action before the protagonist has processed the action itself.This give us sensation of confusion, as we have to re-read the passage to really see what is happening. Actually, this is quite similar to the painting techniques of Impressionism by which the clearest image of th e picture can be only seen from certain distance of the canvas. In the following passage, also taken from Heart of Darkness, we can see the special characteristics of impressionistic descriptions. â€Å"The sun set; the dusk fell on the stream, and lights began to appear along the shore. The Chapman light-house, a three-legged thing erect on a mud-flat, shone strongly.Lights of ships moved in the fairway a great stir of lights going up and going down. And farther west on the upper reaches the place of the monstrous town was still marked ominously on the sky, a brooding gloom in sunshine, a lurid glare under the stars. † Here we have a description of the setting where prevails the use of light. In every line appear a reference to specific light (sun, dusk, light-house, stars, glare†¦ ). The description of the atmosphere of the setting is very detailed which produces the effect of certain mood, a kind of mysterious image.Moreover, we find many reference o water (stream, sh ore, mud-flat, fairway) that makes the image blurred before our eyes. In t he collection of short stories Edibleness, specially in â€Å"Arab† and â€Å"Beeline,† sense perception, like sight, sound, touch, smell, are very important. The descriptions make the reader feel the sensations described, the smells, the sounds†¦ This might be the one most outstanding feature of Joyce ‘s descriptions in Edibleness. In the following passage of Arab, we can find this references to receptions: â€Å"It was a dark rainy evening and there was no sound in the house.Through one of the broken ones I heard the rain impinge upon the earth, the fine incessant needles of water playing in the sodden beds. Some distant lamp or lighted window gleamed below me. I was thankful that I could see so little. All my senses seemed to desire to veil themselves and, feeling that I was about to slip from them, I pressed the palms of my hands together until they trembled, murmuring (†¦ ) † So although both Joyce and Conrad share the same interest on the subjectivity, on how their characters experience reality, we can state that they differ slightly in the way of achieving this AOL.

The History Of Concrete In The Building Industry Construction Essay

Throughout history, the usage of concrete as a edifice stuff has contributed significantly to the built environment. Digesting illustrations of assorted signifiers of concrete can be found as far back as the early Egyptian civilization. Significant edifice leftovers still exist from the Roman civilisation, which used concretes made from of course happening volcanic ash pozzolans, assorted with H2O, sand and rock. Now concrete is being used in the building of lasting Bridgess, roads, H2O supply, infirmaries, churches, houses and commercial edifices, to give people a societal foundation, a booming economic system, and serviceable installations for many old ages. In the modern epoch, the belongingss of concrete were refined in the late 1800s, with the debut of a patented fabrication procedure for Portland cement. While it has ancient roots, concrete, as we know it today, is a modern and extremely advanced constructing stuff. In the last 150 old ages, concrete has become one of the most widely used edifice stuffs on Earth. Figure. Tranditional tools used for concrete commixture.Problem StatementConcrete is one of the most widely used building stuffs in the universe. However, the production of Portland cement, an indispensable stuff in concrete, leads to the release of important sum of CO2, a nursery gas. One ton of Portland cement cinder production is said to creates about one ton of CO2 and other nursery gases. Environmental issues are playing an of import function in the sustainable development of the cement and concrete industry. For illustration, if we run out of limestone, as it is predicted to go on in some topographic points, so we can non bring forth Portland cement ; and, hence, we can non bring forth concrete and all the employment associated with the concrete industry goes out-of-business. A sustainable concrete construction is one that is constructed so that the entire environmental impact during its full life rhythm is minimum. Concrete is a sustainable stuff because it has a really low built-in energy demand and is produced to order as needed with really small waste. It is made from some of the most plentiful resources on Earth and has a really high thermic mass. It can be made with recycled stuffs and is wholly reclaimable. Sustainable design and building of constructions have a little impact on the environment. Use of â€Å" green † stuffs embodies low energy costs. Their usage must hold high lastingness and low care taking to sustainable building stuffs. High public presentation cements and concrete can cut down the sum of cementitious stuffs and entire volume of concrete required. Concrete must maintain germinating to fulfill the increasing demands of all its users. Reuse of post-consumer wastes and industrial by-products in concrete is necessary to bring forth even â€Å" greener † concrete. â€Å" Greener † concrete besides improves air quality, minimizes solid wastes, and leads to sustainable cement and concrete industry.What is Sustainable Concrete?Concrete is a really environmentally friendly stuff. Concrete has been used for over 2,000 old ages. Concrete is best known for its durable and rel iable nature. However, extra ways that concrete contributes to societal advancement, economic growing, and environmental protection are frequently overlooked. Concrete constructions are superior in energy public presentation. They provide flexibleness in design every bit good as affordability, and are environmentally more responsible than steel or aluminium constructions. Entire geographical parts are running out of limestone resource to bring forth cement. Major metropolitan countries are running out of beginnings of sums for doing concrete. Sustainability requires that applied scientists consider a edifice ‘s â€Å" lifecycle † cost extended over the utile life-time. This includes the edifice building, care, destruction, and recycling [ ACI 2004 ] . A sustainable concrete construction is one that is constructed so that the entire social impact during its full life rhythm, including during its usage, is minimum. Planing for sustainability means accounting in the design and besides the short-run and long-run effects of the social impact. Therefore, lastingness is the cardinal issue. New coevals of admixtures/additives are needed to better lastingness. To construct in a sustainable mode and behavior scheduled & amp ; appropriate edifice care are the keys that represent the â€Å" new building political orientation † of this coevals. In peculiar, to construct in a sustainable mode means to concentrate attending on physical, environmental, and technological resources, jobs related to human wellness, energy preservation of new and existing edifices, and control of building engineerings and methods.Environmental Issues with ConcreteThe production of Portland cement releases CO2 and other nursery gases ( GHGs ) into the ambiance. Entire CO2 emanations worldwide were 21 billion dozenss in 2002, Table 1. Table. CO2 emanations by industrialised states in 2002 [ Malhorta 2004 ] . State Percentage CO2 Emissions USA 25 Europe 20 Soviet union 17 Japan 8 China & gt ; 15 India & gt ; 10 Environmental issues associated with the CO2 emanations from the production of Portland cement, energy demand ( six-million BTU of energy needed per ton of cement production ) , resource preservation consideration, and economic impact due to the high cost of Portland cement fabrication workss demand that auxiliary cementing stuffs in general and fly ash in peculiar be used in increasing measures to replace Portland cement in concrete [ Malhotra 1997, 2004 ] . Fly ash is a byproduct of the burning of powdered coal in thermic power workss. The dust aggregation system removes the fly ash, as a all right particulate residue from the burning gases before they are discharged in the ambiance. For each ton of Portland cement cinder, 3 to 20 pound. of NOx are released into the ambiance. In 2000, the world-wide cement cinder production was about 1.6 billion dozenss [ Malhotra 2004 ] . Longer enduring concrete constructions cut down energy demands for care and Reconstruction. Concrete is a loca lly available stuff ; hence, transit cost to the undertaking site is reduced. Light colored concrete walls cut down interior lighting demands. Permeable concrete paving and meshing concrete pavers can be used to cut down overflow and let H2O to return to the H2O tabular array. Therefore, concrete is, in many ways, environmentally friendly stuff. As good applied scientists, we must utilize more of it [ Malhotra 2004 ] . In position of the energy and nursery gas emanation concerns in the fabrication of Portland cement, it is imperative that either new environmentally friendly cement-manufacturing engineerings be developed or utility stuffs be found to replace a major portion of the Portland cement for usage in the concrete industry [ Malhotra 2004 ] . Energy ingestion is the biggest environmental concern with cement and concrete production. Cement production is one of the most energy intensifier of all industrial fabrication procedures. Including direct fuel usage for excavation and transporting natural stuffs, cement production takes about six million BTU ‘s for every ton of cement. The industry ‘s heavy trust on coal leads to particularly high emanation degrees of CO2, azotic oxide, and sulfurs, among other pollutants. A ample part of the electricity used is besides generated from coal.What types of stuffs are being used to do sustainable concrete?Coal burning merchandises ( CCPs ) It is of import to develop recycling engineering for high-volume applications of coal burning merchandises ( CCPs ) generated by utilizing both conventional and clean-coal engineerings. Many different types of CCPs are produced ; for illustration, wing ash, bottom ash, cyclone-boiler scoria, and clean coal ash. In general some of these CCPs can be used as a auxiliary cementitious stuffs and the usage of Portland cement, hence, can be reduced. The production of CCPs in USA is about 120 million dozenss per twelvemonth in 2004. Cyclone-boiler scoria is 100 % recycled. Overall recycling rate of all CCPs is approximately 40 % . Figure. Fly ash is a by-product of coal firing power workss. Today ‘s usage of other pozzolans, such as rice-husk ash, wood ash, GGBFS, silicon oxide smoke, and other similar pozzolanic stuffs such as volcanic ash, natural pozzolans, diatomaceous earth ( diatomaceous Earth ) , calcined clay/shale, metakaolin, really all right clean-coal ash ( microash ) , limestone pulverization, and all right glass can cut down the usage of manufactured Portland cement, and do concrete more lasting, every bit good as cut down GHG emanations. Chemical composing of ASTM Type I portland cement and selected pozzolans is given in Table 2. Table. Chemical compostion of CCPs. Oxides % Portland Cement St. Helen ‘s ash VPP Class F ash Columbia Unit # 1 fly ash P-4 Class C ash SiO2 20.1 62.2 48.2 44.8 32.9 Al2O3 4.4 17.6 26.3 22.8 19.4 CaO 57.5 5.7 2.7 17.0 28.9 MgO 1.6 2.2 1.1 5.1 4.8 Fe2O3 2.4 5.6 10.6 4.2 5.4 TiO2 0.3 0.8 1.2 1.0 1.6 K2O 0.7 1.2 2.3 0.4 0.3 Na2O 0.2 4.6 1.1 0.3 2.0 Moisture 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.8 LOI 1.1 0.6 7.9 0.3 0.7 Recycled- Aggregate Concrete Recycled-aggregate concrete ( RAC ) for structural usage can be prepared by wholly replacing natural sum, in order to accomplish the same strength category as the mention concrete, manufactured by utilizing merely natural sums. This is evidently a defeat, since a big watercourse of recycled sums to let for full permutation of natural sums is non available. However, it is utile to turn out that to fabricate structural concrete by partially replacing natural with recycled sums by up to fifty per centum is so executable. In any instance, if the acceptance of a really low H2O to cement ratio implies unsustainably high sums of cement in the concrete mixture, recycled-aggregate concrete may besides be manufactured by utilizing a water-reducing alloy in order to take down both H2O and cement dose, or even by adding fly ash as a partial all right sum replacing and by utilizing a ace plasticiser to accomplish the needed workability. High-volume fly ash recycled aggregative concrete ( HVFA-RAC ) can be manufactured with a H2O to cement ratio of 0.60, by at the same time adding to the mixture as much fly ash as cement, and replacing the all right sum fraction. Therefore, H2O to cementitious stuff ratio of 0.30 is obtained enabling the concrete to make the needed strength category ( Table 3 ) . This process is indispensable for planing an environmentally-friendly concrete. All the concretes can be prepared keeping the same fluid consistence by proper add-on of an appropriate category of a ace plasticiser. Table. Comparison of Recycled Aggregate Concrete and Virgin Aggregate.PropertyVirgin AggregateRACShape and Texture Well rounded, smooth ( crushed rocks ) to angular and unsmooth ( crushed stone ) . Angular with unsmooth surface. Absorption Capacity 0.8 – 3.7 per centum 3.7 – 8.7 per centum Specific Gravity 2.4 – 2.9 2.1 – 2.4 L. A. Abrasion Test Mass Loss 15 – 30 per centum 20 – 45 per centum Sodium Sulfate Soundness Test Mass Loss 7 – 21 per centum 18 – 59 per centum Magnesium Sulfate Soundness Mass Loss 4 – 7 per centum 1 – 9 per centum Chloride Content 0 – 1.2 kg/m3 0.6 – 7.1 kg/m3 SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE SOLUTIONS Concrete is a strong, lasting, low environmental impact, constructing stuff. It is the basis for edifice building and substructure that can set future coevalss on the route towards a sustainable hereafter [ Cement Association of Canada 2004 ] . Benefits of concrete building are many, for illustration [ Cement Association of Canada 2004 ] : concrete edifices – cut down care and energy usage ; concrete main roads – cut down fuel consumed by to a great extent loaded trucks ; insulating concrete places – cut down energy use by 40 % or more ; fly ash, cement kiln dust, or cement-based solidification/stabilization and unmoved intervention of waste for brownfield renovation ; and, agribusiness waste containment – reduces odor and prevents groundwater taint. The concrete industry must demo leading and decide, and do part to the sustainable development of the industry in the 21 century by following new engineerings to cut down emanation of the greenhousegases, and therefore lend towards run intoing the ends and aims set at the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The fabrication of Portland cement is one such industry [ Malhotra 2004 ] . 6 PORTLAND CEMENT Portland cement is non environmentally really friendly stuff. As good applied scientists, we must cut down its usage in concrete [ Malhotra 2004 ] ; and, we must utilize more blended cements, particularly with chemical alloies. Clinker production is the most energy-intensive phase in cement production, accounting for over 90 % of entire energy usage, and virtually all of the fuel usage. Processing of natural stuffs in big kilns produces portland cement cinder. These kiln systems evaporate the built-in H2O in the natural stuffs blended to fabricate the cinder, calcine the carbonate components ( calcinations ) , and organize cement minerals ( clinkerization ) [ Worrell & A ; Galtisky 2004 ] . 6.1 Blended cements The production of blended cements involves the intergrinding of cinder with one or more additives ; e.g. , fly ash, bnb granulated blast furnace scoria, silicon oxide smoke, volcanic ash, in assorted proportions. The usage of blended cements is a peculiarly attractive efficiency option since the intergrinding of cinder with other additives non merely allows for a decrease in the energy used ( and reduced GHG emanations ) in cinder production, but besides straight corresponds to a decrease in C dioxide emanations in calcinations every bit good. Blended cement has been used for many decennaries around the universe [ Worrell & A ; Galtisky 2004 ] . 6.2 Concrete and the usage of blended cements Although it is most common to do usage of auxiliary cementing stuffs ( SCM ) in the replacing of cement in the concrete mixture, blended cement is produced at the crunching phase of cement production where fly ash, blast furnace scoria, or silicon oxide smokes are added to the cement itself. The advantages include expanded production capacity, reduced CO2 emanations, reduced fuel ingestion and close monitoring of the quality of SCMs [ Cement Association of Canada 2004 ] . â€Å" Kyoto Protocol ( UN Pact of 1997, requires to cut down GHGs, including CO2 ) . † It is now ratified. USA has non ratified it. â€Å" The Russian Government blessing allowed it to come into force worldwide. † By 2012, emanations must be cut below 1990 degrees ( in Japan by 6.0 + 7.6 = 13.6 % by 2012 ) [ The Daily Yomiuri 2004 ] . In Japan â€Å" ( Per ) householdaˆÂ ¦5,000 hankering green revenue enhancement † per twelvemonth is planned ( get downing April 2005 ) . This includes †Å" 3,600 hankerings in revenue enhancement per ton of C. † â€Å" The gross would be used to implement policies to accomplish the demands of Kyoto Protocol. † A study released ( on Oct. 21, 2004 ) showed that 61 % of those polled are in favour of the environmental revenue enhancement. † [ The Japan Times 2004 ] . Rate of CO2 emanation and planetary heating is shown in Figure 1. In last 2 year. CO2 has increased at a higher rate than expected [ Corinaldesi & A ; Moriconi 2004b ] . 6.3 Foundry byproducts Foundry byproducts include foundry sand, nucleus butts, abradants, and cupola scoria. Cores are used in doing coveted cavity/shapes in a sand cast in which liquefied metal is cast/poured. Cores are chiefly composed of silicon oxide sand with little per centums of either organic or inorganic binders.DecisionsThe most of import decision drawn appears to be that the compressive strength of the recycled aggregative concrete can be improved to be or even exceed that of natural-aggregate concrete by adding fly ash to the mixture as a all right aggregative replacing. In this manner, a given strength category value, as required for a broad scope of common utilizations, can be reached through both natural-aggregate concrete and recycled-aggregate concrete with fly ash, by adequately diminishing the H2O to cement ratio with the assistance of a superplasticizer in order to keep the workability. Concrete manufactured by utilizing recycled sum and wing ash shows no hurtful consequence on the lastingness of strengthened concrete, with some betterment for some instances. From an economical point of position, if merely the traditional costs are taken into history, recycledaggregate concrete with fly ash could be less attractive than natural-aggregate concrete. However, if the eco-balanced costs are considered, the exact antonym would be valid. Furthermore, the all right fraction with atom size up to 5 millimeters, when reused as sum for howitzers, allowed first-class bond strengths between howitzer and bricks, in malice of a lower mechanical public presentation of the howitzer itself. Besides the masonry debris can be productively treated and reused for fixing howitzers. Even for the all right fraction produced during the recycling procedure, that is the concrete-rubble pulverization, an first-class reuse was found, as filler in self-compacting concrete. The effort to better the quality of the recycled sums for new concretes by recycling in different ways the most damaging fractions, i.e. , the stuff coming from masonry debris and the finest recycled stuffs, allowed to accomplish surprising and unexpected public presentations for howitzers and selfcompacting concretes. Other industrial wastes, such as GRP waste pulverization, can turn out utile to be re-used in cementitious merchandises, by bettering some lastingness facets. â€Å" The concrete industry will be called upon to function the two pressing demands of human society ; viz. , protection of the environment and run intoing the infrastructural demand for increasing industrialisation and urbanisation of the universe. Besides due to big size, the concrete industry is unimpeachably the ideal medium for the economic and safe usage of 1000000s of dozenss of industrial by-products such as fly ash and scoria due to their extremely pozzolanic and cementitious belongingss. It is obvious that large-scale cement replacing ( 60 – 70 % ) in concrete with these industrial byproducts will be advantageous from the point of view of cost economic system, energy efficiency, lastingness, and overall ecological profile of concrete. Therefore, in the hereafter, the usage of byproduct auxiliary cementing stuffs ought to be made compulsory † [ Malhotra 2004 ] .